India-EU Free Trade Agreement: Market Dynamics, Negotiation History, and Key Discussion Points

New Delhi, February 27, 2025 – India and the European Union (EU) are engaged in high-level discussions to advance negotiations on the India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA). European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, along with 22 European Commissioners, is in New Delhi to address trade, investment, and regulatory challenges between the two economies.

The tenth round of negotiations is scheduled to take place March 10-14 in Brussels, focusing on tariff reductions, investment protection, regulatory standards, and sustainability policies.

Market Overview: India vs. EU

India

• Population: 1.4 billion, the world’s most populous nation.
• GDP: $3.568 trillion, making India the fifth-largest economy globally by nominal GDP.
• GDP Per Capita (PPP): $10,233 (2023), reflecting strong economic growth.
• Purchasing Power: India’s share of the global economy (PPP) stands at 8.49%, up from 4% in 2000, with projections estimating 10% by 2030.

European Union

• Population: 447 million across 27 member states.
• GDP: $18 trillion, making the EU one of the largest economic entities globally.
• GDP Per Capita (PPP): $64,680 (2023), indicating a high standard of living.
• Purchasing Power: The EU holds 14.19% of the global economy (PPP).

These figures highlight the economic scale and purchasing power of both India and the EU, emphasizing the strategic importance of their trade negotiations.

Negotiation History: India-EU FTA

• 2007: India and the EU initiated negotiations for a Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) to enhance economic cooperation.
• 2007-2013: Several negotiation rounds took place but stalled over disagreements on market access, tariffs, and investment protection. Talks remained frozen for eight years.
• May 2021: Leaders from both sides agreed to resume negotiations with a focus on a balanced and comprehensive FTA.
• June 2022: Negotiations were formally relaunched, accompanied by discussions on an Investment Protection Agreement and Geographical Indications (GIs).
• November-December 2022: The third round of negotiations took place in New Delhi, covering tariffs, market access, and regulatory concerns.
• March 2023: The fourth round in Brussels addressed issues related to investment protection and dispute resolution mechanisms.
• September 2024: The ninth round of negotiations was held in New Delhi, focusing on tariff reductions, market access, and sustainability policies.
• February 2025: The EU delegation’s visit to New Delhi seeks to accelerate negotiations and resolve outstanding disputes.
• March 2025: The tenth round is scheduled in Brussels, aiming to finalize agreements on critical trade and investment issues.

Key Issues in the India-EU FTA Negotiations

1. Tariff Reductions on Automobiles, Alcohol, and Agricultural Goods

• EU’s Demand: India must lower its high tariffs of 100%-150% on European cars, whiskey, and wine to enhance EU market access.
• India’s Position: Indian manufacturers and liquor producers argue that a sudden duty reduction could flood the market with imports, calling for a phased approach.
• Trade Data: The EU exported over $2 billion in automobiles and $416 million in wine to India in 2023-24, but Indian tariffs limit further expansion.

2. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) & Environmental Regulations

• EU’s Position: Plans to implement 20%-35% carbon tariffs on steel, aluminum, and cement from January 2026.
• India’s Opposition: India sees CBAM as a trade barrier that disproportionately impacts developing economies.
• Deforestation Regulations: India is also challenging EU import rules restricting goods linked to deforested land post-December 2020.

3. Investment Protection & Dispute Resolution

• EU’s Demand: Easier profit repatriation and faster dispute resolution mechanisms for European firms.
• India’s Stance: India insists that disputes must first be settled in Indian courts before proceeding to international arbitration.

4. Market Access & Non-Tariff Barriers

• EU’s Demand: Greater access for European automotive, financial, and agricultural sectors in India.
• India’s Counterargument: India highlights EU’s significant exports to India, stating that regulatory barriers hinder Indian goods from entering the European market.

5. Data Security & Digital Trade

• India’s Request: Recognition as a data-secure nation to enable seamless digital trade and IT service exports.
• EU’s Position: Maintains strict data protection laws, restricting data transfers and Indian IT exports.

6. Skilled Professionals & Labor Mobility

• India’s Demand: Easier temporary work visas for Indian IT, engineering, and healthcare professionals.
• EU’s Condition: India must liberalize accountancy, legal, and architectural services, a proposal facing opposition from Indian industry bodies.

7. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) & Pharmaceuticals

• EU’s Stance: Stronger patent protections, particularly in pharmaceuticals, to prevent Indian firms from producing generic medicines.
• India’s Position: India wants greater EU market access for its pharmaceutical and chemical exports, especially affordable generic drugs.

Strategic Significance of the FTA for Both Economies

For India:

• The EU is India’s largest trading partner, accounting for $137.5 billion in trade (2023-24).
• An FTA would boost Indian exports in textiles, IT services, pharmaceuticals, and engineering goods.
• India currently faces a 10% tariff disadvantage compared to competitors Bangladesh and Vietnam.
• The FTA could help create jobs, integrate Indian businesses into global supply chains, and increase investments.

For the EU:

• The EU aims to reduce its reliance on China and strengthen ties with India as a strategic partner.
• The agreement would allow greater market access for European automobiles, alcoholic beverages, and agricultural products in India’s rapidly growing consumer market.
• European firms have invested over $100 billion in India, making investment protections a critical issue.
• With a 447-million consumer base, the EU sees India as a long-term partner for economic diversification and manufacturing investments.

Next Steps in the Negotiations

The tenth round of negotiations (March 10-14, 2025, in Brussels) will focus on tariff reductions, investment protection, digital trade, and environmental regulations. Both sides aim to finalize a strategic roadmap before the upcoming India-EU Summit later this year. If concluded, the FTA would be one of the most significant trade agreements for both economies, shaping the future of Indo-EU trade relations.

The coming months will be critical in determining whether both parties can find common ground on trade barriers, sustainability policies, and market access to finalize the agreement.

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